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Cross-border student mobility represents a critical educational transition, especially for those students who choose to pursue a degree abroad as opposed to a short-term stay, and implies a complex adaptation process with regard to academic, sociocultural, and psychological factors. As a consequence of growing demand for international education and availability of resources and policies that encourage cross-border mobility, the number of international students worldwide is increasing continuously. Yet, little is known about the factors that motivate students to study abroad, and especially why some students choose to go whereas others to stay, given similar opportunities to study abroad. Accordingly, the purpose of the present chapter is to synthesize existing research on the decision-making process to study abroad, to outline important distinctions in types of student mobility and associated motivational implications, and to outline ways in which motivation theory can contribute to a better understanding of this process. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how motivation theories can help to address some of the open questions identified in prior research and thus contribute to a better understanding of the decision-making process to study in a foreign country.

The purpose of this study is to look at the factors that influence the success of Indonesian cooperatives.

This study employs a two-stage quantitative approach. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is used to determine the factors in the first step. The next step is to conduct a multivariate regression analysis to determine the impact of these factors on the cooperative success variable in Indonesia.

The components produced include Member Participation, Membership, Cooperative Governance Structure, Board of co-ops, Vertical Integration, Collective Action and Transaction Cost, according to the EFA results. A further study utilizing multiple regression techniques reveals that four elements, namely Member Participation, Board of Coops, Vertical Integration and Collective Action, have a major impact on the performance of Indonesian cooperatives.

Generalizations are impossible because of the small sample size and restricted responders. More studies are required, using a broader range of respondents and approaches.

The results of the study contributed both to the stakeholders of cooperatives and to the development of cooperative science specifically in the context of Indonesian cooperatives. Cooperative stakeholders in Indonesia must realize that members are owners and customers of their cooperative. This awareness must continue to be echoed by cooperatives to its members in various ways, so that commitment arises to members to be willing to participate and cooperate. Awareness of members to participate and cooperate ultimately affects the sustainability of cooperative businesses and impacts improving members' welfare beds.

The study's novelty lies in a more comprehensive model of Indonesian cooperative success.

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-02-2022-0078.